Crete had not yet joined the modern Greek state (which had been established in 1832), and was still under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. When Kazantzakis was born in 1883 in Kandiye, now Heraklion with ancestry from the village of Myrtia, Heraklion. He also translated a number of notable works into Modern Greek, such as the Divine Comedy, Thus Spoke Zarathustra, On the Origin of Species, and Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. His fame spread in the English-speaking world due to cinematic adaptations of Zorba the Greek (1964) and The Last Temptation of Christ (1988). He also wrote plays, travel books, memoirs, and philosophical essays, such as The Saviors of God: Spiritual Exercises. Kazantzakis's novels included Zorba the Greek (published in 1946 as Life and Times of Alexis Zorbas), Christ Recrucified (1948), Captain Michalis (1950, translated Freedom or Death), and The Last Temptation of Christ (1955). Widely considered a giant of modern Greek literature, he was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in nine different years. Poet, novelist, essayist, travel writer, philosopher, playwright, journalist, translator
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